Teratogenic Medications: An Updated Review For Pharmaceutical Workers

Abstract

Background: The impact of teratogenic drugs on fetal development remains a critical concern for pharmaceutical workers and healthcare professionals. These drugs, including neurological, antimicrobial, and hormonal medications, can cause structural, functional, or growth anomalies during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, a crucial phase of organogenesis.

Aim: This review highlights updated knowledge on teratogenic medications, focusing on their mechanisms, risks, and outcomes, to aid healthcare professionals in safeguarding maternal and fetal health.

Methods: The study synthesizes findings from recent literature on various classes of teratogenic drugs, their pharmacological actions, and their specific effects on fetal development. Regulatory frameworks like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) are also discussed.

Results: Neurological medications such as antiepileptics (e.g., valproate and carbamazepine) exhibit high teratogenic potential, leading to neural tube defects, craniofacial malformations, and growth delays. Antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, have been associated with skeletal growth suppression and renal toxicity. Hormonal drugs like diethylstilbestrol have caused genital anomalies and adenocarcinomas, while excessive vitamin A intake leads to neural tube and cardiovascular malformations. Regulatory categories of drug safety emphasize the importance of balancing maternal benefits against fetal risks.

Conclusion: Teratogenic drugs pose significant risks, necessitating careful risk-benefit assessments and multidisciplinary management during pregnancy. Education on safer alternatives and adherence to regulatory guidelines are vital to minimize fetal harm while addressing maternal health needs.