Meningitis: Nursing Care Approaches in Acute and Long-Term Management-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Meningitis, an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, remains a significant global health challenge. It is primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections, with bacterial meningitis posing the highest risk of mortality. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, meningitis continues to impact millions globally. In 2015, meningitis was responsible for 379,000 deaths worldwide. Effective nursing care is critical in both acute and long-term management of the disease.

Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the nursing care approaches for managing acute and long-term complications associated with meningitis, including diagnosis, treatment, and supportive care strategies.

Methods: This updated review draws on current literature to summarize the pathophysiology, causes, and clinical manifestations of meningitis. Key nursing diagnoses are discussed, along with therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological treatments, supportive care, and long-term management strategies. Additionally, patient outcomes and nursing roles in monitoring and intervention are explored.

Results: The review highlights the significant nursing challenges involved in managing meningitis, particularly in identifying early signs of complications such as increased intracranial pressure and impaired cerebral perfusion. It also emphasizes the need for tailored nursing interventions based on the specific etiology (bacterial, viral, fungal) and the patient’s demographic factors. Empiric antibiotic therapy, along with supportive care, remains essential in acute management. Long-term care focuses on addressing cognitive and neurological deficits, pain management, and rehabilitation.

Conclusion: The review underscores the importance of comprehensive nursing care in the acute and long-term management of meningitis. Nurses play a crucial role in early detection, monitoring for complications, administering therapies, and providing psychological support. Enhanced training and awareness of the varied clinical presentations of meningitis are necessary to improve patient outcomes.