MRSA Epidemiology, Impact on Public Health, Prevention, Pathophysiology, Treatment, And Nursing Intervention-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be a major public health challenge due to its increasing prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The pathogen is responsible for a wide range of infections, from skin conditions to life-threatening diseases. The global rise in MRSA infections, exacerbated by antibiotic misuse and overuse, underscores the urgent need for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Aim: This review aims to update the current understanding of MRSA, focusing on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, impact on public health, treatment options, and nursing interventions.

Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature on MRSA was conducted, covering its clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms of resistance, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and alternative therapeutic approaches. Studies on both healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) were analyzed to evaluate the evolving nature of MRSA infections and resistance patterns.

Results: MRSA remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with new strains emerging globally. The pathogen's resistance to common antibiotics, including methicillin, has complicated treatment protocols, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies. The review also highlights the zoonotic transmission of MRSA from livestock to humans and its implications for public health. Recent research suggests the potential of combination antibiotic therapies, phytochemicals, and nanoparticles in combating MRSA infections.

Conclusion: The global threat posed by MRSA demands continued vigilance, improved infection control practices, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Nursing interventions focusing on hygiene, surveillance, and education are critical in reducing MRSA transmission. Future research should prioritize exploring new treatment modalities, including phytochemicals and nanotechnology, to overcome the limitations of current antibiotic therapies.