Transfusion Reactions: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Management Strategies, Nursing Interventions, And Preventive Approaches in Blood Transfusion Therapy

Abstract

Background: Transfusion reactions are adverse events that occur during or after blood transfusion and can range from minor discomfort to severe, life-threatening complications. These reactions are classified into acute and delayed types, with various underlying causes, including immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms. While mild reactions can be managed with minimal intervention, severe reactions can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Effective identification, diagnosis, and management of these reactions are crucial to improving patient outcomes.

Aim: This article aims to review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management strategies, nursing interventions, and preventive measures related to transfusion reactions.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing data from studies on transfusion reactions, focusing on their classification, etiology, epidemiology, and management. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and nursing interventions were explored to provide a holistic understanding of the subject.

Results: Transfusion reactions manifest in various forms, including mild allergic reactions, febrile non-hemolytic reactions, and more severe forms like acute hemolytic reactions, anaphylaxis, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Diagnosis often requires distinguishing transfusion reactions from other medical conditions. Management strategies involve halting the transfusion, supportive care, and targeted interventions depending on the type of reaction. Nursing interventions, including vigilant monitoring and communication, play a critical role in early detection and management.

Conclusion: Transfusion reactions remain a significant challenge in clinical practice. Early recognition and prompt management are essential to minimizing adverse outcomes. Preventive strategies, including improved screening and blood handling practices, are key to reducing the incidence of severe reactions. Healthcare providers must remain vigilant in identifying reactions and provide timely interventions to ensure patient safety.