Meige Syndrome: An Updated Overview, Pharmacological Treatment, Management, And Nursing Interventions

Abstract

Background: Meige syndrome is a rare focal dystonic disorder characterized by blepharospasm (involuntary eyelid spasms) and oromandibular dystonia (spasms of jaw and facial muscles). First described by Dr. Henry Meige in 1910 and later named by Dr. George Paulson in 1972, the syndrome’s exact pathophysiology remains unclear. It is thought to arise due to dysfunctions in neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), involving the basal ganglia, a critical brain region for motor control.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated understanding of Meige syndrome, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, pharmacological treatment options, and management strategies, as well as nursing interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Methods: A comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted, focusing on primary and secondary causes of Meige syndrome, its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. Various pharmacological treatments, including botulinum toxin injections and dopaminergic therapy, were discussed alongside the latest findings in genetic and environmental factors contributing to the disorder.

Results: Meige syndrome predominantly affects individuals between the ages of 30 and 70, with a higher incidence in females. Symptoms typically begin with dystonia of the jaw and face and may progress to include neck and other muscles. Genetic mutations (e.g., in the GNAL and TOR1A genes) and environmental factors (such as stress or neuroleptic drug use) contribute to its onset. Pharmacological treatments like botulinum toxin injections and dopamine-modulating drugs show promise in managing symptoms. Physical therapy and psychosocial support are essential for comprehensive care.

Conclusion: Although the pathogenesis of Meige syndrome remains complex, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments can significantly improve symptom management. Ongoing research into genetic and environmental interactions is necessary to develop more effective therapies. Multidisciplinary management, including nursing interventions, plays a crucial role in enhancing quality of life for individuals with Meige syndrome.