A Critical Review of Nursing Care for Patients with Acute Renal Diseases-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition marked by a rapid decline in kidney function, leading to potential complications such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and organ failure. The condition can arise from a variety of causes, including pre-renal, renal, and post-renal factors. While AKI is often reversible, it can lead to long-term kidney damage or even progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in severe cases. Nursing care is crucial in managing AKI, particularly in identifying symptoms, preventing further damage, and supporting recovery.

Aim: This review aims to critically assess the nursing care strategies for patients with rare renal diseases, particularly focusing on AKI. It highlights the role of nursing interventions in both hospital and home settings to ensure optimal care and improve patient outcomes.

Methods: The review synthesizes recent literature on nursing interventions for AKI, including management strategies during hospitalization and after discharge. It examines common nursing practices such as monitoring vital signs, managing fluid balance, and educating patients on lifestyle changes. Additionally, the review explores the role of nursing staff in facilitating communication between multidisciplinary teams and patients.

Results: Nursing interventions for AKI include careful monitoring of vital signs, daily weight measurement, and urine output, with the aim of detecting early signs of fluid imbalance or worsening kidney function. At-home care focuses on fluid management, dietary restrictions, and monitoring symptoms of electrolyte imbalances. Nurses also play an essential role in educating patients and their families on managing AKI, including dietary modifications and the importance of regular follow-up appointments. Early recognition of clinical deterioration is critical for preventing severe outcomes.

Conclusion: Effective nursing management for AKI encompasses comprehensive care that includes both hospital and home-based interventions. Early detection and continuous monitoring are essential in preventing long-term kidney damage. Educating patients on lifestyle modifications and symptom management enhances their ability to manage AKI independently, improving both short- and long-term outcomes.