The Impact of Air Quality Degradation on Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiological Evidence and Public Health Implications

Abstract

Background: Air pollution poses significant risks to public health, particularly affecting respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The interplay between environmental factors and human health has garnered increasing attention due to the alarming rates of morbidity and mortality associated with air quality degradation.

Methods: This review synthesizes existing literature on the health impacts of air pollution, focusing on epidemiological studies that assess short- and long-term exposure effects. A comprehensive analysis of pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, and ozone, was conducted, highlighting their sources and health implications.

Results: Findings indicate a strong correlation between air pollution exposure and various health outcomes, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma exacerbation, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality. Vulnerable populations, particularly children and the elderly, exhibit heightened sensitivity to air quality variations. Longitudinal studies reveal that prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter significantly increases the risk of developing chronic health conditions and contributes to elevated hospitalization rates.

Conclusion: The evidence underscores the urgent need for effective air quality management strategies and public health interventions to mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution. Collaborative efforts among policymakers, healthcare professionals, and communities are essential to develop comprehensive policies aimed at reducing pollution levels and protecting public health.