Health Security in the Face of Climate Change: Strategies for Managing the Complex Interplay of Environmental Challenges and Public Health Emergencies

Abstract

Background: Health security is increasingly challenged by climate change and public health emergencies (PHEs), which can arise from both anthropogenic and natural disasters. These crises threaten health systems, particularly in vulnerable populations, exacerbating health disparities and complicating emergency responses.

Methods: This study conducted a scoping review of literature from eight electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) and grey literature, focusing on health security and primary health care (PHC). The review analyzed the implications and lessons learned from various PHEs, including pandemics, armed conflicts, and natural disasters.

Results: Findings indicate that PHEs disrupt essential health services and infrastructure, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among marginalized groups such as women, children, and the elderly. Key challenges identified include inadequate preparedness, resource shortages, and ineffective governance. Successful responses were observed in regions that implemented multisectoral collaboration and integrated PHC strategies, enhancing resilience and health system responsiveness.

Conclusion: Addressing the intersection of health security and climate change requires robust preparedness frameworks and multisectoral approaches to mitigate the impacts of PHEs. Stakeholders must prioritize investments in health systems and community engagement to foster resilience and improve health outcomes amid ongoing environmental challenges.