Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Overview, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Pharmacological Management-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination and neurodegeneration. Its pathophysiology involves the immune system targeting the myelin sheath, leading to a range of neurological impairments. MS is marked by relapsing-remitting episodes, with a significant burden on individuals and society. Although the understanding of MS has advanced, it remains a challenging condition to treat.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated understanding of MS, including its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacological management.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature on MS was conducted, focusing on recent developments in pathophysiology, risk factors, and emerging treatments. Key areas of research include the genetic and environmental factors influencing disease onset, advances in diagnostic techniques, and the effectiveness of current pharmacological therapies.

Results: MS is influenced by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers, with notable geographic and demographic variations. Recent advancements in diagnostic criteria, including the use of biomarkers like oligoclonal bands, have improved early diagnosis. Pharmacological treatments have evolved, with new immunomodulatory therapies showing promise in clinical trials. However, MS remains difficult to treat, with no definitive cure.

Conclusion: MS is a complex autoimmune disease with significant variability in its presentation and progression. Continued research is needed to better understand its pathophysiology and to develop more effective, personalized treatments. Improved diagnostic methods and new drug therapies hold promise for better management, though challenges remain in providing optimal care.