Global Perspectives on Vaccination Uptake and Vaccine Hesitancy: Review

Abstract

Background: Vaccination has significantly contributed to public health by reducing the incidence of infectious diseases. However, vaccine hesitancy remains a critical challenge, hindering optimal vaccination uptake globally. This phenomenon has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a major health threat. Understanding the factors influencing vaccine acceptance is essential for improving public health strategies.

Methods: This review synthesizes existing literature on vaccination uptake and hesitancy, focusing on the multifaceted determinants affecting individual and community decisions regarding vaccinations. The analysis incorporates various models such as the 3Cs and 5Cs frameworks, which categorize factors into complacency, convenience, confidence, constraints, calculation, and collective responsibility.

Results: The findings reveal that vaccine hesitancy is influenced by a complex interplay of socio-demographic factors, cognitive biases, misinformation, and trust in healthcare systems. Key determinants include perceived vaccine safety, political ideology, and the role of social media in shaping public perception. Additionally, the review highlights the historical context of vaccine skepticism and its implications on current vaccination policies.

Conclusion: Addressing vaccine hesitancy requires targeted communication strategies that foster trust and provide clear, evidence-based information. Engaging healthcare professionals and community leaders is vital to counteract misinformation and enhance vaccine acceptance. Future research should focus on understanding the socio-cultural dynamics that affect vaccination decisions to develop effective interventions.