Cognitive Disorders and Impact of Nutrition: An Updated Review.

Abstract

Background: Cognitive health encompasses the ability to think, learn, remember, and regulate emotions and motor skills. It is essential for maintaining independence, coping with challenges, and supporting recovery from illness. While age-related changes, trauma, and diseases can impact brain health, lifestyle factors such as nutrition have a significant role in preventing or mitigating cognitive decline, particularly in older adults. Researchers highlight the concept of "cognitive reserve," which refers to the brain’s ability to resist damage and maintain function. Given the growing body of research on the relationship between diet and cognitive health, it is critical to examine the role of nutrition throughout life, especially in preventing age-related cognitive decline.

Aim: This review explores the impact of nutrition on cognitive health, focusing on the developmental stages from childhood to adulthood, and investigates how various nutrients influence cognitive function, cognitive reserve, and the prevention of cognitive decline in older adults.

Methods: The review synthesizes existing literature on the role of nutrition in brain development and cognitive function across the lifespan, with particular attention to micronutrients, dietary patterns, and their impact on cognitive performance. Studies that assess the effects of specific nutrients, including B-vitamins, vitamin D, iron, and antioxidants, on brain health are highlighted.

Results: Evidence suggests that micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron, iodine, and vitamins B12 and D, negatively impact cognitive development and function. Antioxidant-rich foods, along with specific dietary patterns like the Mediterranean and Nordic diets, have been associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Additionally, breakfast consumption has shown positive effects on cognitive tasks like memory and attention.

Conclusion: Proper nutrition is critical at all stages of life for supporting brain health, preventing cognitive decline, and improving the quality of life in older adults. Adopting balanced dietary patterns, especially those rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients, is beneficial for cognitive performance. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of dietary interventions on cognitive aging.