Comprehensive Analysis of Abnormal Labor: Etiology, Diagnosis, Management Strategies, Nursing Interventions, And Maternal-Fetal Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Abnormal labor deviates from the typical progression of childbirth, encompassing prolonged, protracted, or arrested labor. It is a significant concern due to its association with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Understanding its etiology and management is crucial for improving clinical practices.

Aim: This study aims to explore the etiology, diagnostic methods, management strategies, nursing interventions, and maternal-fetal outcomes associated with abnormal labor.

Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on clinical evaluations, pathophysiology, and management approaches for abnormal labor. Epidemiological data and risk factors were analyzed alongside diagnostic and therapeutic tools, including pharmacological interventions such as oxytocin.

Results: Abnormal labor, often attributed to issues with the "3 Ps" (power, passage, and passenger), is prevalent in 20% of labor cases and is a leading cause of cesarean deliveries. Key maternal risk factors include advanced maternal age, nulliparity, and non-gynecoid pelvis, while fetal factors include macrosomia and malpresentation. Diagnosis relies on time thresholds, physical examinations, and uterine activity monitoring. Management strategies emphasize conservative approaches, such as manual fetal rotation and pharmacological augmentation. Nursing interventions play a pivotal role in monitoring and supporting labor progression, ensuring maternal and fetal safety.

Conclusion: Abnormal labor presents a complex interplay of maternal and fetal factors that necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. Early diagnosis, evidence-based management, and effective nursing care are critical for minimizing complications and improving outcomes.