Respiratory Disorders and Air Pollution: Impact of Climate Change-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Climate change has exacerbated environmental conditions, potentially altering the epidemiology of these infections. The interaction between meteorological factors and VRIs remains inadequately understood, necessitating a comprehensive review.

Aim: This review investigates the impact of climate change on the seasonal distribution, outbreak dynamics, and transmission patterns of VRIs, highlighting the influence of meteorological factors and extreme weather events.

Methods: A systematic synthesis of recent epidemiological, biological, and ecological evidence was undertaken. The review analyzed data on meteorological conditions, extreme weather phenomena, and long-term global warming trends, focusing on their effects on VRIs.

Results: VRIs exhibit distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature, humidity, and indoor microclimates. Low temperatures and humidity enhance viral survival and transmission, especially for influenza and RSV. Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and floods, intensify respiratory health risks by affecting air quality and sanitation. Long-term climate changes have shifted the spatiotemporal dynamics of VRIs, with trends indicating earlier onset and longer epidemic durations in temperate regions.

Conclusion: Climate change is reshaping the epidemiology of VRIs through its effects on meteorological variables and extreme weather events. Enhanced surveillance, interdisciplinary research, and adaptive strategies are crucial for pandemic preparedness in a changing climate.