Ovarian Cancer: Diagnostic Biomarkers and Their Significance-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the deadliest gynecological cancers, with a significant number of cases diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Early detection remains a critical challenge, as conventional methods, including traditional chemotherapy, are often ineffective for late-stage diagnoses. Given that less than 20% of cases are identified at an early stage, the search for reliable diagnostic biomarkers is crucial. This review provides an updated analysis of biomarkers relevant for ovarian cancer diagnosis, emphasizing their significance and clinical utility.

Aim: The aim of this review is to update the current understanding of ovarian cancer biomarkers, specifically focusing on CA-125 and HE4, their diagnostic roles, and their potential to improve early detection, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring.

Methods: This review synthesizes findings from recent studies on ovarian cancer biomarkers, specifically CA-125 and HE4. A detailed analysis of their diagnostic efficacy, sensitivity, specificity, and limitations was conducted. A meta-analysis of studies involving HE4 and CA-125 was included to evaluate their potential in detecting ovarian cancer.

Results: CA-125, the most widely used biomarker, has limitations in specificity, often yielding false positives in benign conditions. Despite its clinical utility in tracking disease progression, its role in early detection is limited. HE4, on the other hand, has shown higher specificity and sensitivity, especially in distinguishing between different types of ovarian tumors. The combination of CA-125 and HE4, used together in algorithms like ROMA, enhances diagnostic accuracy. Studies show that these biomarkers, particularly in advanced stages, provide valuable prognostic information.

Conclusion: Both CA-125 and HE4 show promise in enhancing ovarian cancer diagnosis, with HE4 offering a more specific and sensitive approach. When used in combination, these biomarkers significantly improve the likelihood of early detection, offering hope for better outcomes. Further research into other biomarkers and improved detection methodologies is essential for advancing ovarian cancer diagnosis and patient survival rates.