Sinus Bradycardia: Nursing Assessment and Interventions in Cardiovascular Care-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background:Sinus bradycardia is a condition characterized by a heart rate below 60 beats per minute, originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It can be classified as either physiological or pathological, with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to its development. It is often asymptomatic but can present symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, or syncope in some cases. This condition is particularly common in older adults and athletes but may also be observed in individuals with underlying cardiovascular or systemic diseases.

Aim:This review aims to explore the nursing assessment and interventions for managing sinus bradycardia in cardiovascular care. It provides insights into the pathophysiology, causes, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for this arrhythmia.

Methods:This review examines the clinical presentation, diagnostic tools such as electrocardiography (ECG), and management protocols for sinus bradycardia. Data are gathered from relevant literature, including case studies, clinical trials, and existing guidelines on the topic.

Results:The primary diagnostic tool for sinus bradycardia is the ECG, which confirms the characteristic heart rhythm of less than 60 bpm with regular sinus waves. Intrinsic causes include myocardial infarction and degenerative heart disease, while extrinsic factors may involve medications, hypothyroidism, or hypoxia. Symptomatic bradycardia may require interventions such as atropine or the use of a pacemaker.

Conclusion:Sinus bradycardia is a multifactorial condition that requires thorough assessment and management. Nursing interventions focus on monitoring vital signs, assessing the patient's clinical status, and intervening appropriately, including medication review and coordination with medical teams for potential pacemaker implantation.