Anemia: Challenges in Diagnosis and Discovery-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Anemia is a significant global health issue, characterized by a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration, leading to symptoms like fatigue and breathlessness. It is classified based on the underlying cause, severity, and morphology, with common causes including micronutrient deficiencies, infections, and genetic disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for anemia diagnosis and treatment, but challenges persist in its accurate diagnosis, particularly in low-resource settings. This paper focuses on the methodologies and challenges in anemia diagnosis, particularly hemoglobin (Hb) measurement, and explores other contributing factors like iron deficiency and genetic causes.

Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the methods, equipment, and quality control aspects in Hb measurement for anemia diagnosis, as well as to identify the challenges in addressing the underlying causes of anemia.

Methods: This paper reviews the different Hb measurement techniques, including spectrophotometric methods like the cyanmethemoglobin method, as well as alternative methods such as the hemoglobin color scale. It also addresses diagnostic challenges associated with sample handling, quality control, and the role of other factors in anemia diagnosis.

Results: The review highlights that while Hb measurement is the most common method for diagnosing anemia, it cannot pinpoint the underlying cause. Diagnostic methods vary in accuracy, and there are challenges in handling samples and ensuring precision in low-resource settings. Additional tests for micronutrient levels and genetic analysis are essential for accurate diagnosis.

Conclusion: Accurate anemia diagnosis requires effective Hb measurement and a comprehensive understanding of its underlying causes. Improved diagnostic strategies and better implementation of WHO guidelines are necessary to reduce anemia prevalence and guide effective interventions.