Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Management and Benefits of Physical Therapy-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a common chronic rheumatic disease in children, often leading to severe joint damage and a variety of functional impairments such as muscle weakness, decreased endurance, and limited mobility. As these children experience reduced quality of life (QOL) due to these physical limitations, physical therapy (PT) is an essential part of their management, aiming to alleviate pain, restore function, and improve overall physical health.

Aim: This review aims to explore the benefits of various physical therapy modalities in managing JIA, emphasizing pain relief, joint mobility, muscle strength, and overall functional improvement. The study also evaluates how customized rehabilitation programs can help in addressing the unique needs of each child with JIA.

Methods: The review presents evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other clinical studies on different PT techniques, including hydrotherapy, heat therapy, stretching exercises, resistance training, and aerobic conditioning. These interventions were analyzed for their effects on pain management, muscle relaxation, joint mobility, and physical fitness.

Results: The review highlights the positive impact of several PT interventions, including hydrotherapy, which improves joint mobility and muscle strength without exacerbating pain. Studies also indicate that low-intensity exercises, such as Pilates and water-based activities, lead to significant improvements in pain reduction and functional capacity. Furthermore, aerobic and anaerobic conditioning have been shown to enhance cardiovascular fitness and overall physical performance in children with JIA.

Conclusion: Physical therapy plays a crucial role in managing JIA, with numerous benefits ranging from pain relief and muscle relaxation to improved joint function and fitness. It is essential to tailor rehabilitation programs to meet the specific needs of each child, considering the severity of their condition and the importance of maintaining adherence to exercise regimens.