Preventing Micronutrient Deficiencies in Vegan and Vegetarian Populations: Strategies for Effective Dietary Management and Health Promotion

Abstract

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies pose significant health risks, particularly among vegan and vegetarian populations, where the absence of animal-source foods can lead to inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals. This issue is critical during periods of rapid growth, such as infancy and adolescence.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library from 1980 to  2023. The search employed keywords including ‘micronutrients,’ ‘vegetarian,’ ‘vegan,’ ‘deficiencies,’ and various life stages such as ‘infant’ and ‘adolescent.’ Studies included original research, reviews, meta-analyses, and authoritative position papers.

Results: The review identified that vegan and vegetarian diets often lack critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and iodine, which are predominantly found in animal-source foods. For example, studies revealed that a significant percentage of vegan children exhibited vitamin B12 deficiency, leading to adverse health outcomes like anemia and developmental delays. Additionally, while some vegetarian diets showed adequate intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, the overall risk of micronutrient inadequacy remained high, particularly in strict vegan populations.

Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of nutritional education and monitoring for individuals following vegan or vegetarian diets, especially among vulnerable groups like pregnant women, infants, and adolescents. Tailored dietary strategies, including supplementation and food fortification, are essential to mitigate the risks of deficiencies. Health professionals should advocate for well-structured diets that ensure adequate micronutrient intake to promote optimal health outcomes.