Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: Exploring Diagnostic Challenges and Implications for Clinical Practice

Abstract

Background: Oral and maxillofacial manifestations of systemic diseases are critical indicators of underlying health issues, often serving as the first signs detectable by healthcare providers. The recognition of these manifestations is essential for early diagnosis and intervention.

Methods: This review examines various systemic diseases with significant oral manifestations, focusing on conditions such as actinomycosis, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and autoimmune disorders. A comprehensive analysis of clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and differential diagnoses was conducted based on current literature and case studies.

Results: The findings highlight a diverse array of oral symptoms linked to systemic diseases, including localized infections, lesions indicative of autoimmune responses, and malignancies. For instance, actinomycosis may present as purulent lesions, while HIV-related conditions often manifest as candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia. The diagnostic process typically involves clinical examinations, cytological scrapes, biopsies, and serological tests to confirm the underlying systemic condition.

Conclusion: The oral cavity is a vital site for the early detection of systemic diseases. Dentists and general practitioners play a crucial role in recognizing oral manifestations, which can guide timely referrals and management. Enhanced training in the recognition of these symptoms is necessary to improve patient outcomes and reduce diagnostic delays.