Pediatric Sleep Respiratory Disorders: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Management, And Role of Family Medicine.

Abstract

Background: Sleep plays a vital role in the development and well-being of children. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which includes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is a significant pediatric concern. Obstructive SDB can manifest primary snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, obstructive hypoventilation, or OSA, with varying degrees of severity. These disorders affect children's physical growth, cognitive development, and overall health. SDB often remains undiagnosed, and its prevalence is complicated by varying diagnostic criteria and risk factors.

Aim: This review aims to examine the epidemiology, risk factors, and management of pediatric sleep respiratory disorders, particularly obstructive SDB, and the role of family medicine in addressing these issues.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a computerized search of PubMed using the terms "sleep-disordered breathing" AND "children," focusing on studies from the past 20 years. Key studies were synthesized, focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, and management of obstructive SDB in both the general pediatric population and children with complex health conditions.

Results: Obstructive SDB prevalence varies from 1.2% to 13%, with snoring affecting 7.45% of children. Common risk factors include adenotonsillar hypertrophy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, and preterm birth. Two main phenotypes are identified: the "classic phenotype," which peaks between 2 and 8 years, and the "obese adult phenotype," prevalent in adolescents. Early identification and management are crucial, as untreated OSA can lead to cognitive, behavioral, and cardiovascular issues.

Conclusion: Pediatric sleep respiratory disorders are a prevalent and significant health issue. Obstructive SDB can range from mild snoring to severe OSA, and early intervention is critical for preventing long-term complications. Family physicians play an essential role in early detection, diagnosis, and management of these disorders, offering vital guidance for families.