Evidence-Based Nursing Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Aspiration Pneumonia: An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Aspiration pneumonia is a pulmonary infection caused by inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric material into the lower respiratory tract. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with neurological or swallowing disorders. Effective nursing interventions and interdisciplinary care are critical in its prevention and management.

Aim: To review evidence-based nursing interventions and interdisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of aspiration pneumonia.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. The role of multidisciplinary teams, including nursing staff, speech-language pathologists, and dietitians, was highlighted. Particular attention was given to screening tools, antibiotic regimens, and the impact of nutrition and hydration management.

Results: Aspiration pneumonia is most prevalent among patients with neurological impairments and advanced age, with silent aspiration being a key contributor. Effective interventions include thorough clinical evaluations, use of screening tools for dysphagia, timely initiation of antibiotics, and tailored dietary modifications. Positioning, suctioning, and oral hygiene practices were identified as crucial nursing roles. Collaborative approaches involving speech therapy and nutrition optimization further reduced aspiration risks and improved patient outcomes.

Conclusion: Nursing interventions, combined with interdisciplinary collaboration, play a pivotal role in the prevention and management of aspiration pneumonia. Early identification of at-risk patients, adherence to evidence-based practices, and proactive health education for caregivers are essential to minimizing complications and recurrence.