Environmental Skin Cancer Epidemiology-An Updated Review Article

Abstract

Background: Skin cancer, especially non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma, has become a growing public health concern globally. The incidence and prevalence of these cancers have seen significant increases, with an estimated 4 million cases of basal cell carcinoma, 2.4 million cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and 0.4 million cases of melanoma globally by 2019. This upward trend underscores the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies, with Mohs micrographic surgery gaining prominence as an advanced treatment option due to its precision and high cure rates.

Aim: This review aims to examine the environmental risk factors contributing to the increasing rates of skin cancer, focusing on ultraviolet (UV) radiation, arsenic exposure, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cigarette smoke, and immunosuppression. It also discusses the role of climate change in exacerbating these risks and provides insights into the clinical management of skin cancer.

Methods: The article synthesizes data from global epidemiological studies and medical literature, highlighting the environmental factors that significantly contribute to skin cancer development. It incorporates evidence from recent studies and clinical practices to analyze the relationship between these environmental risks and the rise in skin cancer incidence.

Results: The review found that prolonged exposure to UV radiation is the primary risk factor for skin cancer, particularly non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Other environmental risks, such as arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cigarette smoke, and certain medications, also increase the likelihood of skin cancer. Additionally, climate change is exacerbating the risks by increasing UV exposure due to higher temperatures and ozone depletion.

Conclusion: The rising incidence of skin cancer is largely attributed to environmental risk factors, with UV radiation being the most prominent. Climate change is contributing to the intensification of these risks. Preventive measures, such as sun safety practices and increased public awareness of environmental risks, are crucial in combating the growing burden of skin cancer. Moreover, Mohs micrographic surgery remains an effective treatment option for managing skin cancer with minimal recurrence.