Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Oral Health in Pregnant Women: an Updated Review Article

Abstract

Background: Gingivitis and dental caries are common oral health issues among pregnant women due to hormonal fluctuations, changes in oral hygiene habits, and dietary modifications. Pregnancy increases susceptibility to gingivitis, with symptoms such as gum swelling, bleeding, and tenderness. Hormonal changes, particularly increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, alter the oral tissues and make the gums more prone to inflammation. This review aims to assess the impact of pregnancy on oral health, focusing on gingivitis, dental caries, and related complications.

Aim: The objective of this review is to evaluate the relationship between pregnancy, gingivitis, and dental caries, and to explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving oral health during pregnancy. The review also highlights the influence of pregnancy-related hormonal changes on oral health and the importance of preventive care.

Methods: This updated review synthesizes findings from various studies and clinical trials examining gingivitis and dental caries during pregnancy. Data was collected from PubMed, Web of Science, and other reputable databases. The studies analyzed include both clinical assessments and interventions designed to improve oral health during pregnancy.

Results: The review found a significant increase in gingivitis prevalence among pregnant women, particularly during the second and third trimesters. Hormonal changes significantly contribute to the heightened sensitivity of gums, making them more susceptible to plaque accumulation. Moreover, the review emphasizes the importance of good oral hygiene practices and prenatal education in reducing the severity of gingivitis. A few studies showed that interventions such as advanced oral care regimens and educational programs led to improved maternal oral health and reduced adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusion: Pregnancy-related gingivitis and dental caries pose a significant risk to maternal oral health. Hormonal changes, along with other factors such as dietary modifications and morning sickness, exacerbate oral health issues. Preventive measures such as improved oral hygiene, professional dental care, and patient education are essential to mitigate these risks. Further research is needed to establish standardized interventions and assess their impact on pregnancy outcomes.