Understanding the Pathophysiology and Clinical Management of Cervical Radiculopathy: An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Cervical radiculopathy is a prevalent condition that results from the compression or irritation of spinal nerve roots, causing pain and functional limitations in the neck, arms, chest, and upper back. It significantly affects quality of life and contributes to workplace absenteeism. This condition can be caused by disc herniation, degenerative spine changes, and age-related factors, making it a multifactorial disorder.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology, clinical management, and treatment strategies for cervical radiculopathy, focusing on non-surgical and surgical interventions, and the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and management options for cervical radiculopathy. The review also explores the role of physical therapy, pharmacological treatments, and surgical approaches, emphasizing interprofessional care for optimal outcomes.

Results: The review identifies common causes of cervical radiculopathy, such as disc herniation in younger individuals and degenerative spine changes in older adults. Non-surgical interventions, including physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and epidural steroid injections, provide significant symptom relief for the majority of patients. Surgical options, such as discectomy and fusion, are effective in cases with persistent symptoms or neurological deterioration. The importance of early intervention is highlighted, as most acute cases improve spontaneously within 8-12 weeks.

Conclusion: Cervical radiculopathy is a complex condition requiring a multifaceted approach to management. Non-surgical treatments, especially physical therapy, play a crucial role in alleviating symptoms and improving recovery. Surgery should be reserved for patients with severe or refractory symptoms. A team-based approach involving physical therapists, neurologists, and surgeons is essential for effective management.