Bowel Obstruction: Medical Management and Nursing Intervention Protocols-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Bowel obstruction is a significant medical condition involving the partial or complete blockage of the intestinal lumen, causing severe clinical manifestations like abdominal pain, distention, and vomiting. It is categorized as a small bowel obstruction (SBO) or large bowel obstruction (LBO), with closed-loop obstructions presenting critical complications such as ischemia and necrosis.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the medical management and nursing intervention protocols for bowel obstruction.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for bowel obstructions. Studies on clinical interventions and nursing care protocols were analyzed.

Results: SBO is predominantly caused by post-surgical adhesions, while LBO is often linked to adenocarcinoma or volvulus. Accurate diagnosis relies on CT imaging and laboratory investigations, including markers for ischemia and sepsis. Treatment involves stabilization through airway management, fluid resuscitation, and nasogastric decompression. Conservative management suffices for partial obstructions, while complete or strangulated cases require urgent surgical intervention. Nursing protocols emphasize fluid balance monitoring, infection prevention, and patient education to improve outcomes.

Conclusion: Timely intervention and individualized care are critical for managing bowel obstructions and reducing recurrence. Nursing protocols play a pivotal role in stabilizing patients, facilitating recovery, and ensuring long-term health.