Antihypertensive Drugs: An Overview of Uses, Doses, Side-effects, Nursing Intervention Protocols, and Contraindications-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, classified by the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines into different stages. Stage 1 and 2 HTN require interventions such as lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatment, depending on the patient's risk factors, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of antihypertensive drugs, focusing on their uses, doses, side effects, contraindications, nursing intervention protocols, and effectiveness in treating hypertension.

Methods: A review of existing literature on antihypertensive agents, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta-blockers. The pharmacodynamics, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations associated with these drug classes were explored.

Results: First-line therapies include thiazide-type diuretics, CCBs, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. Diuretics, especially chlorthalidone, show superior efficacy in lowering blood pressure (BP). CCBs, including dihydropyridines like amlodipine, are effective vasodilators, while ACE inhibitors and ARBs offer cardioprotective effects, particularly in high-risk populations. Beta-blockers are typically reserved for specific conditions like heart failure or post-myocardial infarction. Combination therapies enhance BP control when monotherapy fails.

Conclusion: Antihypertensive drugs, particularly thiazide diuretics, CCBs, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs, are vital in managing hypertension and preventing cardiovascular events. When monotherapy is ineffective, combination therapy offers superior results, particularly in high-risk patients. Clinicians should consider patient-specific factors such as race, age, and comorbidities when prescribing antihypertensive medications.