Fibromyalgia: A Chronic Pain Condition and The Role of Physical Therapy Management

Abstract

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition that involves widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties, significantly reducing quality of life. It affects a substantial portion of the population, predominantly women, and its etiology is poorly understood, involving a complex interplay of genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors. Managing FM requires a multifaceted approach, including medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Among physical therapy interventions, aquatic exercise has gained attention due to its potential benefits in reducing pain and improving overall well-being.

Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of aquatic exercise as a physical therapy intervention for individuals with fibromyalgia, comparing it to other physical therapy modalities in terms of pain reduction and quality of life improvement.

Methods: The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2019 and 2024, evaluating aquatic exercise interventions for fibromyalgia. Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched. Studies included in the review were required to have a minimum PEDro score of 7, ensuring methodological rigor. Key outcomes included pain (measured by Visual Analog Scale, VAS) and quality of life (measured by Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, FIQ).

Results: The review included four RCTs with a total of 157 participants (all women). Aquatic exercise significantly improved pain levels, quality of life, and sleep quality. These improvements were comparable to or better than other physical therapies, such as land-based exercises and Pilates. The interventions varied in duration (6-16 weeks), frequency (2-3 sessions per week), and intensity, but all showed positive outcomes.

Conclusion: Aquatic exercise is a promising intervention for managing fibromyalgia, providing significant relief from pain and improving quality of life. Its low-impact nature makes it an accessible option for patients with FM, particularly those who may struggle with higher-impact exercises. Further research is needed to refine treatment protocols and investigate long-term effects.