Postpartum Haemorrhage: An Overview of Diagnosis, Management, And Nursing Intervention Protocols

Abstract

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major obstetric complication associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. It is typically defined as a blood loss exceeding 500 mL during vaginal delivery or 1000 mL during Cesarean delivery. The condition can occur due to various etiological factors, categorized by the "4 T’s": tone (uterine atony), trauma (lacerations), tissue (retained placenta), and thrombin (coagulation disorders). PPH can occur within 24 hours of delivery (primary) or later (secondary), and its management requires prompt, effective intervention to prevent severe outcomes.

Aim: The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis, management, and nursing intervention protocols for PPH, with a focus on improving maternal health outcomes through early identification, accurate assessment, and timely intervention.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on current practices in PPH diagnosis and management, including clinical protocols, risk assessment tools, and interprofessional care strategies. Emphasis was placed on nursing interventions for early detection and prevention.

Results: The review highlights the critical role of accurate blood loss measurement, use of uterotonic agents, and collaborative care in managing PPH. Early identification of at-risk patients and the implementation of active management protocols, such as oxytocin administration and uterine massage, significantly reduce the incidence of severe hemorrhage.

Conclusion: Timely intervention in PPH, supported by multidisciplinary teamwork, can dramatically improve maternal outcomes. Nurses play a pivotal role in early detection and initiating appropriate care. The article emphasizes the importance of training healthcare professionals in accurate blood loss assessment and recognizing early signs of hemorrhage.