The Multifaceted Influence of Coffee Consumption on Gut Microbiota Composition, Gastrointestinal Function, and Overall Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health, influencing various physiological processes and disease outcomes. Recent studies have suggested that coffee consumption may significantly impact gut microbiota composition and function, potentially offering health benefits while also presenting certain risks.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted up to June 2023, utilizing databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. The search criteria included terms related to coffee, caffeine, microbiota, and gastrointestinal health. Both clinical studies involving human participants and preclinical investigations utilizing rodent models were included in the analysis.

Results: The findings indicate that moderate coffee consumption (3-4 cups daily) is associated with enhanced diversity and relative abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, including Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while reducing Bacteroidetes levels. Coffee intake also appears to exert antibacterial properties against harmful gut microbes, such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium species. Additionally, coffee enhances gastrointestinal motility and secretion, which may aid in digestive health. However, excessive consumption (beyond 5 cups daily) may contribute to adverse gastrointestinal effects and increase the risk of conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Conclusion: Coffee represents a double-edged sword regarding gut health; it possesses the potential to modulate gut microbiota positively and enhance gastrointestinal function while also carrying risks associated with high consumption. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and to establish more definitive clinical guidelines.