Addison’s Disease: An Overview and Nursing Intervention Plans

Abstract

Background: Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by the destruction of the adrenal cortex, leading to a deficiency in glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Autoimmune adrenalitis is the predominant cause in developed countries, with non-specific symptoms often delaying diagnosis. Severe cases can progress to adrenal crises, requiring immediate intervention.

Aim: This article explores the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management of Addison’s disease, with a focus on nursing interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine the causes, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of Addison's disease. Emphasis was placed on nursing diagnoses, management strategies, and their integration into multidisciplinary care plans.

Results: The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of Addison’s disease, encompassing autoimmune, infectious, genetic, and neoplastic etiologies. Early signs include fatigue, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation, with laboratory markers like hyponatremia and hyperkalemia aiding diagnosis. Effective nursing interventions, such as infection prevention, fluid management, and patient education, are critical to mitigating complications like adrenal crises. Collaborative care strategies enhance long-term outcomes.

Conclusion: Addison’s disease requires a comprehensive approach to care due to its complex presentation and potential for life-threatening complications. Nursing interventions play a pivotal role in early detection, ongoing management, and education, ensuring patient safety and improved quality of life. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to optimize care strategies.